ABSTRACT
Indoor air pollutants in certain environments, such as a damp home or a low-ventilation office, are more concentrated indoors than outdoors. As people spend most of their time indoors, there is a high chance that they are exposed to indoor air pollution. This exposure might lead to adverse health outcomes such as allergies, infection, and respiratory diseases. Therefore, proper indoor environment management is crucial for promoting indoor air quality, consequently benefiting the health and well-being of occupants. In commercial spaces, a lot of people gather and perform various activities together, and higher concentrations of indoor air pollution are generated, which leads to accumulation of pollutants if proper management is not achieved, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic when biological pollutants (i.e., viral particle) can accumulate indoors due to poor ventilation environment. In residential spaces, indoor air quality may worsen due to activities such as cooking, painting, using personal care products, and washing. These activities generate indoor air pollution, thus affecting the health of occupants. In addition, poor air quality in microenvironments apparently affects sleep quality. This chapter proposes a concept of indoor air quality management in commercial and residential spaces including sources and control. Moreover, the management technologies have been summarized varying from a simple technique that can be handled by the occupants to a more complicated technique that requires more equipment and professional skill. The methods provided here can benefit the occupants, especially the occupants living in limited-space residences, such as apartment buildings in urban areas. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupts selfmanagement in diabetic patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the telemedicine usage and factors contributing to glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients during the pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in T2DM patients aged 25-54 years. The questionnaire included general characteristics, diabetes conditions, consultation factors, and self-care management. Glycemic status was evaluated using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which was categorized into poor (HbA1c >= 7%) and good glycemic control (HbA1c<7%). Data were analyzed using chi-square and binary logistic regression. RESULTS Of 264 patients, only 19.2% used telemedicine and 60.2% had poor glycemic control during the pandemic. Overweight or obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 5.740 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.554-12.899];p<0.001), insulin injection (OR = 3.083 [95% CI = 1.238-7.677];p = 0.016), and frequent fried food consumption (OR = 5.204 [95% CI = 1.631-16.606];p = 0.005) were the factors contributing to poor glycemic control. The risk is lower if exercised regularly (OR = 0.036 [95% CI = 0.007-0.195];p<0.001) and consulted with a doctor using telemedicine (OR = 0.193 [95% CI = 0.044-0.846];p = 0.029) or in-person visits (OR = 0.065 [95% CI = 0.016-0.260];p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Glycemic control was not optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, keeping a healthy lifestyle and staying connected with a doctor are important to ensure optimal blood glucose control and reduce the risk of diabetes-related complications.